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dc.contributor.authorElvik, Rune
dc.coverage.spatialNorwaynb_NO
dc.date.accessioned2019-07-05T13:50:19Z
dc.date.available2019-07-05T13:50:19Z
dc.date.created2014-02-05T13:44:20Z
dc.date.issued2013-08-22
dc.identifier.citationAccident Analysis and Prevention. 2013, 60 (November), 57-63.nb_NO
dc.identifier.issn0001-4575
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/11250/2603685
dc.description.abstractSafety-in-numbers denotes a non-linear relationship between exposure (traffic volume) and the number of accidents, characterised by declining risk as traffic volume increases. There is safety-in-numbers when the number of accidents increases less than proportional to traffic volume, e.g. a doubling of traffic volume is associated with less than a doubling of the number of accidents. Hazard-in-numbers, a less-used concept, refers to the opposite effect: the number of accidents increases more than in proportion to traffic volume, e.g. is more than doubled when traffic volume is doubled. This paper discusses whether a safety-in-numbers effect and a hazard-in-numbers effect can co-exist in the same data. It is concluded that both effects can exist in a given data set. The paper proposes to make a distinction between partial safety-in-numbers and complete safety-in-numbers. Another issue that has been raised in discussions about the safety-in-numbers effect is whether the effect found in some studies is an artefact created by the way exposure was measured. The paper discusses whether measuring exposure as a rate or a share, e.g. kilometres travelled per inhabitant per year, will generate a safety-in-numbers effect as a statistical artefact. It is concluded that this is the case. The preferred measure of exposure is a count of the number of road users. The count should not be converted to a rate or to the share any group of road user contribute to total traffic volume.nb_NO
dc.language.isoengnb_NO
dc.publisherElseviernb_NO
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.no*
dc.titleCan a safety-in-numbers effect and a hazard-in-numbers effect co-exist in the same data?nb_NO
dc.typeJournal articlenb_NO
dc.typePeer reviewednb_NO
dc.rights.holder© 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.nb_NO
dc.description.versionacceptedVersionnb_NO
cristin.unitcode7482,0,0,0
cristin.unitnameTransportøkonomisk institutt
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextpostprint
cristin.qualitycode1
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.aap.2013.08.010
dc.identifier.cristin1109733
dc.source.journalAccident Analysis and Preventionnb_NO
dc.source.volume60nb_NO
dc.source.issueNovembernb_NO
dc.source.pagenumber57-63nb_NO


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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internasjonal
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